Statin use during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Statins enjoy widespread acceptance as effective drugs to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with and without cardiovascular disease, and are considered safe for long-term use. However, these compounds are contraindicated during pregnancy based on their potential teratogenic effects. Owing to the increasing number of young women eligible for statin therapy and the concern that the discontinuation of statin therapy might be harmful for both mother and child with hypercholesterolemia, gestational exposure to statins has increasingly become an issue of significant clinical importance. In this systematic review of both human and animal studies on the teratogenic effects of statins during pregnancy, we found that most of the available data in fact suggests that statins are unlikely to be teratogenic. In humans, the observed congenital anomalies were isolated and no consistent pattern has emerged to suggest that a common mechanism could underlie these observations. Animal studies show conflicting results, but in the reports in which an excess of congenital anomalies was reported in the statin-treated rodents, excessive doses were used compared with the regimens we commonly prescribe to human subjects.     

亚低温治疗心搏骤停患者的疗效评价

目的 心搏骤停后的神经功能恢复是临床治疗的难点,实验和临床研究表明亚低温治疗是有益的.本文通过Meta分析探讨亚低温治疗对心搏骤停后患者的有效性和安全性.方法 检索Medline(1966年至2012年4月)、OVID(1980年至2012年4月)、EMBASE(1980年至2012年4月)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)(1978年至2012年4月)、中文生物医学期刊文献数据库(CMCC)(1995年至2012年4月)和中国医学学术会议论文数据库(CMAC)(1994年至2012年4月).纳入文献符合:①随机对照试验(RCT);②比较常温与亚低温治疗心搏骤停心肺复苏成功的患者;③结果为神经功能恢复和出院存活.合并效应量,计算相对危险度(RR)和95％可信区间(95％ CI).结果 4个RCT共纳入417例心搏骤停心肺复苏成功的患者.与常温组比较,亚低温治疗组患者神经功能恢复更好(RR=1.43,95％ CI 1.14～ 1.80,P=0.002),出院存活更高(RR=1.32,95％ CI 1.08 ～ 1.63,P=0.008).所纳入文献报道的不良事件在两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).各研究同质性好,不存在发表偏倚.结论 亚低温治疗改善了心搏骤停后患者的神经功能和出院存活.     

心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍患者早期乳酸清除率与预后的相关性

目的 探讨乳酸清除率与心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征患者预后的相关性.方法 采用回顾性临床研究方法分析心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征患者,纳入标准为2009年1月至2011年12月期间院前或院内心肺复苏后存活24 h以上,收入吉林大学第一医院ICU并发生多器官功能障碍综合征的成年患者;排除各种疾病终末期、外伤所致心脏停搏.分别在自主循环恢复(ROSC)后3d、7d时将患者分为存活组和死亡组,采用秩和检验及逻辑回归方法分别比较两组患者的年龄、性别、平均动脉压、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、白细胞计数、初始乳酸值及6h乳酸清除率之间的差异.结果 有42例患者符合标准,在自主循环恢复后3d、7d时分别存活23人(54.8％)和14人(33.3％).在自主循环恢复后3d、7d时对上述指标进行单因素分析显示,死亡组APACHEⅡ评分均明显高于存活组(P＜0.05),死亡组6h乳酸清除率均明显低于存活组(P＜0.05),其余指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).进一步多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在自主循环恢复后3d时存活和死亡两组比较,APACHEⅡ评分和6h乳酸清除率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而在自主循环恢复后7d时存活和死亡两组比较,APACHEⅡ评分(OR=2.143,P =0.028)和6h乳酸清除率(OR=0.887,P=0.040)均差异具有统计学意义.结论 心搏骤停患者自主循环恢复后早期乳酸清除率的降低与不良预后具有一定的相关性,并可能成为心搏骤停患者恢复期死亡的独立预测因子.     

术野灌注CO2气体在体外循环心脏直视术中脑保护作用的研究

目的:探讨术野灌注CO2气体在体外循环心脏直视术患者中的脑保护作用?方法:2012年6月~2013年3月行体外循环心脏直视术患者97例,随机分为CO2灌注组(Ⅰ组,50例)和对照组(Ⅱ组,47例)?分别于麻醉诱导后5 min(T0)以及主动脉开放后5 min(T1)?1 h(T2)?4 h(T3)和24 h(T4)检测血浆S-100β和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron specific enolase,NSE)水平?两组患者均于手术前及术后第7天采用简易智能状态检查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评估认知功能?术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)的诊断以术前测试值为对照,等于或超过1个标准差诊断为POCD?结果:Ⅰ组患者T1~T3时间点的S-100β和T1~T4时间点的NSE水平较T0明显升高(P < 0.05);Ⅱ组患者T1~T4时间点S-100β和NSE水平均较T0明显升高(P < 0.05)?与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组S-100β水平在T1~T4时间点显著降低(P < 0.05),NSE水平在T2~T4时间点也明显降低(P < 0.05)?两组患者中各有2例因病情危重术后第7天无法行MMSE检测,其余患者术后MMSE评分均较术前明显降低(P < 0.05),且Ⅱ组的评分较Ⅰ组降低更明显(P < 0.05)?Ⅰ组术后出现POCD 16例,Ⅱ组为25例,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)?结论:术野灌注CO2气体可降低心脏直视术患者术后S-100β和NSE升高的水平,并改善术后早期认知功能,具有脑保护作用,有临床推广价值?     

心绞痛患者血清sLOX-1含量与冠状动脉病变危险分数相关性研究

目的检测心绞痛患者血清可溶性血凝素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体-1(sLOX-1)的浓度,选择性冠脉造影评估冠状动脉病变的危险分数,分析血清sLOX-1水平与危险分数的相关性。方法实验分组:心绞痛组,经冠脉造影证实有明显冠脉狭窄的心绞痛患者43例;对照组,经临床检查及冠脉造影排除冠心病的患者15例。两组患者均采集外周血,测定血清sLOX-1浓度。冠脉病变情况以Califf介绍的危险分数进行评价。结果心绞痛患者尤其是不稳定型心绞痛患者血清中sLOX-1浓度均明显增高(P<0.01),与危险分数呈明显正相关(P<0.01)。结论血清sL-OX-1浓度与冠状动脉病变危险分数密切相关,对评估冠状动脉病变的程度和冠心病患者病情监测可能具有重要的临床价值。     

Two-year survival and neurological outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Background

The clinical benefit of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) has been proved in short-term follow-up studies. However, the benefit of E-CPR beyond 1 year has been not known. We investigated 2-year outcome of patients who received E-CPR or conventional CPR (C-CPR).

Methods

We analyzed a total of 406 adult in-hospital cardiac arrest victims who underwent CPR for more than 10 min from 2003 to 2009. The two-year survival and neurological outcome of E-CPR (n = 85) and C-CPR (n = 321) were compared using propensity score-matched analysis.

Results

The 2-year survival with minimal neurological impairment was 4-fold higher in the E-CPR group than the C-CPR group (23.5% versus 5.9%, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.43–0.75, p < 0.001) by unadjusted analysis. After propensity-score matching, it was still 4-fold higher in the E-CPR group than the C-CPR group (20.0% versus 5.0%, HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.36–0.80, p = 0.002). In the E-CPR group, the independent predictors associated with minimal neurological impairment were age ≤ 65 years (HR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.26–0.81; p = 0.008), CPR duration ≤ 35 min (HR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.18–0.76; p = 0.007), and subsequent cardiovascular intervention including coronary intervention or cardiac surgery (HR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.18–0.68; p = 0.002).

Conclusions

The initial survival benefit of E-CPR for cardiac arrest patients persisted at 2 years.     

Systematic review of the effects of physical exercise training programmes in children and young adults with congenital heart disease

Background

Most patients with congenital heart disease (ConHD) do not perform regular physical exercise. Consensus reports have stated that exercise should be encouraged and regularly performed in these patients, but this is not common practise. We reviewed the literature on actual evidence for either negative or positive effects of physical exercise training programmes in children and young adults with ConHD.

Methods

Using the Medline database, we systematically searched for articles on physical exercise training programmes in ConHD.

Results

A total of 31 articles met all inclusion criteria; in total, 621 subjects (age range 4 to 45 years) were included.Most studies used training programmes with a duration of 12 weeks. On average, the number of training sessions was 3 times per week. In 12 studies, training intensity was set at a percentage of peak heart rate.Outcome measures reported were PeakVO₂, activity levels and muscle strength. Twenty-three studies (72%) found a significant positive change in the main outcome measure after the physical exercise training period. None of the studies reported negative findings related to physical exercise training in ConHD. Cardiac effects have hardly been studied.

Conclusion

In most studies, participation in a physical exercise training programme was safe and improved fitness in children and young adults with ConHD. We recommend that patients with ConHD participate in physical exercise training. Cardiac effects need to be studied more extensively.     

血瘀理论在皮肤病临床中的应用

血瘀理论在中医皮肤科应用十分广泛,多种常见皮损及现代医学检验检查结果均可作为血瘀证的诊断依据和运用活血化瘀法的指征。治疗风邪、热邪引起的皮肤病和瘙痒性、出血性、顽固性皮肤病时灵活运用活血化瘀法也可取得较好的临床疗效。     

运用Markov模型评价益气活血中药干预不稳定性心绞痛远期疗效的探索

目的基于Markov模型评价益气活血中药联合西医常规干预不稳定性心绞痛（unstable angina, UA）支架术后气虚血瘀证患者的远期疗效。方法根据益气活血中药联合西医常规干预、西医常规干预UA支架术后患者的预后和转归建立Markov模型。通过40个Markov周期的状态转移概率和人均累积获得质量调整生命年（quality-adjusted life years, QALYs）的比较,评价益气活血中药联合西医常规干预的疗效优势。结果经过Markov模型20年的预测,益气活血中药联合西医常规干预组血运重建、非致命性心肌梗死、非致命性中风、全因死亡的累积转移概率分别为56.65%、6.53%、5.16%、31.66%,人均累积QALYs为12.95;西医常规干预组相应的累积转移概率分别为55.31%、6.87%、5.25%、32.57%,人均累积QALYs为12.84。与西医常规干预比较,益气活血中药联合西医常规干预的人均增量QALYs为0.11。结论基于Markov模型的预测结果,益气活血中药联合西医常规干预UA支架术后患者的疗效优于西医常规干预,说明益气活血中药可以改善UA支架术后气虚血瘀患者的远期疗效。